Tree Safety Guide

Mangium Acacia

Acacia mangium

Acacia mangium is generally non-toxic to humans and animals. Bark tannins may cause mild gastrointestinal irritation if ingested in large amounts but are not considered dangerous. Seeds are not consumed. Overall food-safety risk is minimal.

Aceituno

Simarouba amara

Aceituno contains quassinoids (bitter compounds) primarily in the bark, which have medicinal properties but can cause mild stomach upset if consumed in large quantities. The bark is traditionally used medicinally for treating fever, malaria, and intestinal parasites - these same compounds that make it medicinal also make large doses mildly toxic. However, the tree itself poses minimal risk. Seeds contain oils and are edible when processed, though raw seeds may cause mild digestive discomfort due to bitter compounds. Not typically consumed by children due to bitter taste.

Achotillo

Brosimum costaricanum

No significant toxicity is documented from normal contact with leaves, bark, or fruit structures.

Aguacate

Persea americana

The fruit flesh is safe and highly nutritious for humans. However, leaves, bark, and pit contain persin, a fungicidal toxin that is HIGHLY TOXIC to many animals including horses, goats, cattle, rabbits, birds, and fish. Dogs and cats are moderately sensitive - large amounts can cause vomiting and diarrhea. The pit is a choking hazard and contains persin. Fruit skin may contain small amounts of persin. For humans, the fruit is safe - persin toxicity is primarily an animal concern.

Aguacatillo

Persea caerulea

Aguacatillo is a member of the Lauraceae (avocado family) and contains persin, the same compound found in cultivated avocados. The fruit is small and mostly consumed by wildlife (especially quetzals). While not typically eaten by humans (too small, mostly pit), it poses minimal risk to people. However, like all avocado relatives, it contains persin which is TOXIC TO PETS (dogs, cats, birds, horses) and can cause vomiting, diarrhea, heart damage, and respiratory distress in animals.

Ajo

Caryocar costaricense

Ajo is non-toxic. The large nuts (seeds) are edible, nutritious, and have been consumed by indigenous peoples for centuries. The nuts are rich in protein and oil (similar to Brazil nuts). They can be eaten raw or roasted. No toxicity documented in humans or animals.

Alcornoque

Licania arborea

Alcornoque is non-toxic. The fruits, while not typically consumed by humans (mealy texture, not particularly palatable), are non-toxic and safely eaten by wildlife including tapirs, peccaries, agoutis, and birds. No toxicity documented.

Almendro

Dipteryx panamensis

The seeds (tonka beans) contain coumarin, a compound that can be toxic in large doses and has been banned as a food additive in some countries. However, traditional use in small amounts (flavoring) is generally considered safe. The seed coat can cause digestive upset if eaten. The fleshy fruit coating is edible and safe. Wildlife eat the fruit pulp without issue. Not recommended to consume seeds in quantity. Children should not eat the seeds raw.

Amarillón

Terminalia amazonia

Amarillón (Terminalia amazonia) is non-toxic and safe. No parts of this tree are poisonous to humans or animals. The Combretaceae family includes some species with medicinal properties, but Terminalia amazonia does not have significant toxic compounds. Safe for use in landscapes, reforestation, and areas where people and animals are present.

Anona Colorada

Annona purpurea

Seeds contain toxic acetogenins (annonacin and related compounds) and MUST NEVER be eaten. While the fruit flesh is safe and delicious, seeds are poisonous and can cause severe gastrointestinal distress, vomiting, and neurological symptoms if consumed. Like other Annona species, seeds have been traditionally used as insecticides and fish poison, demonstrating their toxicity. Children must be carefully supervised and taught to spit out all seeds when eating the fruit. Remove all seeds before giving fruit to children. The toxic acetogenins in seeds are water-soluble and can leach into surrounding tissue if seeds are crushed.

Anona

Annona reticulata

Seeds contain toxic alkaloids (annonacin and other acetogenins) and should NEVER be eaten. While the flesh is delicious and safe, seeds are poisonous and can cause serious gastrointestinal distress, vomiting, and neurological symptoms if consumed. Traditionally seeds were crushed and used as insecticide and to kill head lice, demonstrating toxicity. Children must be taught to spit out seeds when eating fruit. Cases of poisoning occur when seeds are accidentally swallowed or deliberately consumed. Always remove all seeds before giving fruit to children.

Arazá

Eugenia stipitata

Non-toxic. Fruit is edible when ripe and safe for human consumption. High in vitamin C.

Arrayán

Weinmannia pinnata

Arrayán is non-toxic and safe for humans and animals. No known toxic compounds in leaves, bark, or wood. The tree has been used in traditional medicine throughout its range without reports of toxicity.

Balsa

Ochroma pyramidale

No toxic parts. The tree is safe. The wood is famous for being extremely lightweight and non-toxic. No ingestion hazards. Safe for children and pets.

Balsam Tree

Myroxylon balsamum

The resin (Balsam of Peru) is generally non-toxic when used in small quantities, but can cause contact dermatitis in sensitized individuals. Ingestion of large amounts of resin may cause gastrointestinal upset. The wood dust can be irritating to respiratory passages.

Bambu Gigante

Guadua angustifolia

No significant toxicity is associated with normal contact. Young shoots are edible when properly prepared in culinary contexts.

Botarrama

Vochysia ferruginea

Non-toxic. No known poisonous properties.

Burío

Heliocarpus appendiculatus

No known toxic compounds in any part of the tree. Bark has been used traditionally for making rope and twine with direct skin contact. Leaves and bark have been consumed as traditional remedies without reported toxicity. Considered non-toxic.

Cacao

Theobroma cacao

Cacao seeds and chocolate are SAFE for humans but TOXIC TO PETS. The seeds contain theobromine, a compound similar to caffeine that humans can metabolize easily but dogs, cats, and some other animals cannot. For PETS, theobromine causes vomiting, diarrhea, rapid heart rate, tremors, seizures, and can be FATAL. Darker chocolate and raw cacao are more dangerous than milk chocolate due to higher theobromine content. For HUMANS, cacao is safe and nutritious—theobromine in normal amounts provides the pleasant stimulant effect of chocolate. Overconsumption can cause caffeine-like effects (jitteriness, insomnia) but is not dangerous.

Cachimbo

Couratari guianensis

Cachimbo is non-toxic and safe for humans and animals. The seed arils are edible and consumed by wildlife. Bark infusions have been used medicinally without reports of toxicity.

Caimito

Chrysophyllum cainito

The RIPE FRUIT PULP is SAFE and EDIBLE for humans including children when properly prepared - it is sweet, hydrating, nutritious (vitamins, fiber). However, SEEDS contain cyanogenic glucosides that release TOXIC CYANIDE when metabolized. NEVER eat or chew seeds - swallowing seeds whole is also dangerous. SKIN/RIND contains bitter, sticky WHITE LATEX that is mildly toxic in quantity and not edible. Must remove ALL skin and seeds before consuming. UNRIPE FRUIT contains more latex and can be astringent or mildly irritating - only eat fully ripe fruit. CHILDREN: Safe as a treat with proper preparation (pulp only, no seeds/skin), but accidental ingestion of latex from skin or seeds with cyanide is dangerous. PETS: Limited evidence but seeds (cyanogenic compounds) and latex-containing skin/rind should be kept away from dogs, cats, and other pets. Even the pulp should only be offered in small amounts with veterinary approval, avoiding ALL seeds and skin.

Camíbar

Copaifera aromatica

No known toxicity. The resin has been used safely in traditional medicine for centuries.

Caña Agria

Costus spicatus

Low toxicity. Young stems and rhizomes are edible. Traditional medicinal use shows low acute toxicity. Generally safe when used appropriately.

Caña Fístula

Cassia fistula

MODERATE toxicity. Seeds are POISONOUS containing anthraquinones. Pod pulp used medicinally as laxative but requires proper preparation—seeds must be removed. Ingestion of seeds can cause severe gastrointestinal distress, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances.

Caña India

Dracaena fragrans

Caña India (Dracaena) is mildly toxic if ingested. The leaves contain saponins which can cause stomach upset, vomiting, and diarrhea in humans if consumed. However, the plant is not typically eaten by people (bitter taste). Most concerning is TOXICITY TO PETS - particularly cats and dogs. Ingestion causes drooling, vomiting, dilated pupils, increased heart rate, and loss of appetite in pets. While rarely fatal, it causes significant distress and requires veterinary care.

Caoba

Swietenia macrophylla

The living tree, leaves, flowers, seeds, and bark are non-toxic to humans and animals. Safe for planting in residential areas, parks, and gardens where children and pets are present. No ingestion toxicity concerns. The tree itself poses no poisoning hazard.

Caobilla

Carapa guianensis

LOW toxicity. Seed oil (andiroba oil) generally safe for topical use. High oral doses in animal studies showed mild liver enzyme changes. Cold-pressed oil safer than heat-extracted. Traditional medicinal use shows good safety record.

Capulín

Muntingia calabura

Capulín (Jamaica Cherry) is COMPLETELY NON-TOXIC and SAFE. The fruit, leaves, and flowers are not known to be toxic to humans or animals. The fruit is beloved by children and commonly called 'candy tree' or 'cotton candy berry' - specifically safe for kids. CHILDREN can safely eat the abundant sweet red berries fresh, in jams, or drinks without concern. PETS: Birds, squirrels, and wildlife frequently eat the fruit. No documented toxic effects for domesticated pets (dogs, cats) from the fruit, though moderation is advised as with any new food. The tree is unarmed (no spines/thorns/burrs) and poses no mechanical risks. EDIBILITY: Small red or yellow berries are sweet, musky, soft - eaten raw or processed. EXCEPTIONAL SAFETY PROFILE for both humans and animals.

Carambola

Averrhoa carambola

Carambola fruit is GENERALLY SAFE for most people BUT contains HIGH LEVELS OF OXALIC ACID which can be DANGEROUS for individuals with kidney disease or kidney problems. For people with HEALTHY KIDNEYS: Star fruit is safe, refreshing, and nutritious. For people with KIDNEY DISEASE (even mild kidney impairment): Star fruit can cause serious complications including confusion, seizures, and in severe cases, death. The neurotoxin caramboxin is not adequately filtered by impaired kidneys. EVEN ONE FRUIT can be dangerous for those with kidney problems. Also, star fruit can interfere with certain medications the same way grapefruit does. People taking statins, benzodiazepines, or other drugs metabolized by CYP3A4 enzyme should avoid star fruit.

Carao

Cassia grandis

Carao is NON-TOXIC to humans and animals with no known hazards. All parts of the tree are safe. The fruit pulp is EDIBLE and traditionally consumed in Central America - made into syrups, drinks, and flakes used as a food supplement. However, the pulp has LAXATIVE/PURGATIVE properties due to bioactive compounds, similar to other Cassia species. Small amounts are safe, but large quantities will cause diarrhea and gastrointestinal upset, especially in children and small pets due to body size. Seeds are also edible (sometimes roasted into flour). The taste is sweet but the odor is considered unpleasant by some. Moderate consumption is key - traditionally used in controlled amounts as a blood tonic or chocolate substitute.

Carboncillo

Acacia pennatula

LOW toxicity. As with many Acacia/Fabaceae species, seeds may contain mild toxins if consumed raw in quantity. Tree has thorns. Generally safe livestock fodder when foliage consumed normally.

Cas

Psidium friedrichsthalianum

Cas fruit is completely safe to eat and has been consumed in Costa Rica for generations. It is in the Myrtaceae family (same as guava and eucalyptus). No toxic compounds have been identified. Safe for all ages. The fruit is very tart/sour so rarely eaten raw, but perfectly safe when sweetened in juice or other preparations.

Cativo

Prioria copaifera

Non-toxic. No known toxic properties to humans or animals.

Cedro Amargo

Cedrela odorata

The tree itself poses no toxicity hazard. Leaves, bark, flowers, and seeds are non-toxic to humans and animals. The tree is safe for planting in gardens, parks, and areas accessible to children and pets. No ingestion toxicity reported.

Cedro Dulce

Cedrela tonduzii

No toxicity is documented for leaves, bark, flowers, or seeds under normal incidental exposure. The living tree is considered safe in gardens and public spaces.

Cedro María

Calophyllum brasiliense

Low toxicity overall. Tree produces yellow latex/resin that can be irritating but is not dangerously toxic if ingested in small amounts. Calophyllum species contain coumarins and other compounds that have medicinal properties but also potential for irritation. Fruit is not edible. Overall not a major toxicity concern for humans.

Cedro Real

Cedrela fissilis

The tree itself poses no toxicity hazard. Leaves, bark, flowers, and seeds are non-toxic to humans and animals. The tree is safe for planting in gardens, parks, and areas accessible to children and pets. The bark has traditional medicinal uses and no ingestion toxicity has been reported at normal doses.

Ceiba

Ceiba pentandra

The tree itself has low toxicity. Seeds are embedded in kapok fiber and are not typically eaten - they contain oils that may cause mild gastrointestinal upset if consumed in quantity but are not considered highly toxic. The main concerns are physical rather than chemical toxicity.

Cenízaro

Samanea saman

All parts of the Rain Tree are considered MILDLY TOXIC if ingested due to tannins, saponins, and glucosides. HUMAN RISK: Children may experience gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, and mild allergic reactions if they chew or swallow leaves, bark, or seeds. Symptoms are typically mild and self-limiting, but supervision is advised. Severe toxicity is rare but possible in sensitive individuals. PET RISK (Dogs & Cats): Mildly toxic with potential for gastrointestinal upset or skin irritation if consumed. Contact veterinarian if pet shows illness after exposure. LIVESTOCK: The sweet pulp inside mature seed pods is traditionally consumed by cattle, horses, and goats in tropical pastures with minimal adverse effects when eaten in normal quantities. Excessive consumption may cause mild digestive upset due to tannins and saponins, but severe toxic effects are rare under typical grazing conditions. The tree is often intentionally planted to provide pasture shade and improve soil fertility through nitrogen fixation.

Cerillo

Symphonia globulifera

Non-toxic. Yellow latex is traditionally used medicinally. No known toxic properties.

Chancho Blanco

Vochysia guatemalensis

Chancho Blanco (Vochysia guatemalensis) is non-toxic and safe. No parts of this tree are known to be poisonous to humans or animals. The Vochysiaceae family does not contain significant toxic species. This tree has been widely used in reforestation and timber production without toxicity concerns. Safe for use in all landscape contexts.

Chirraca

Lonchocarpus minimiflorus

Like many members of the genus Lonchocarpus, Chirraca contains rotenone and related rotenoids in its bark, roots, and seeds. Rotenone is a naturally occurring insecticide and fish poison (ichthyotoxin) that has been used by indigenous peoples throughout the Americas for centuries to stun fish for easy capture. While rotenone is moderately toxic to mammals if ingested in large quantities, the concentrations in most parts of the tree are not dangerously high for incidental contact. The leaves and wood are not significantly toxic. Seeds and bark should not be ingested. No fatal poisonings from this species have been documented, but the related L. urucu (barbasco) is used commercially as a botanical pesticide.

Ciprecillo

Podocarpus costaricensis

Non-toxic. Unlike true yews (Taxus), Podocarpus species lack taxine alkaloids. No known toxic properties.

Ciprés

Cupressus lusitanica

LOW toxicity. Generally safe. Essential oil from leaves has traditional uses but should not be ingested or applied undiluted. Wood and foliage safe for normal contact.

Coco

Cocos nucifera

Coconut fruit, water, and flesh are safe and highly nutritious. No toxic parts. Coconuts are safe for children and pets (though the hard shell and large size require supervision). Coconut allergy exists but is relatively uncommon despite being classified as a tree nut by some regulatory agencies.

Cocobolo

Dalbergia retusa

The wood itself is not significantly toxic if ingested (though wood should not be eaten). The tree is not a food plant. Main concerns are respiratory and dermatological from wood dust exposure during woodworking.

Comenegro

Simarouba glauca

The bark of Simarouba glauca contains bitter compounds (quassinoids) used medicinally. The bark is very bitter but not dangerously toxic when used appropriately. Excessive consumption could cause digestive upset. The tree itself is not toxic to touch or be near.

Contra

Rauvolfia tetraphylla

Rauvolfia species contain pharmacologically active indole alkaloids (including reserpine-type compounds). Ingestion of plant material can cause serious cardiovascular and neurological effects.

Copey

Clusia rosea

Copey contains sticky latex in all parts. The latex and fruits are mildly toxic if ingested in quantity - they contain compounds that can cause stomach upset, nausea, and diarrhea. However, toxicity is generally mild and self-limiting. The tree is not considered dangerous. Fruits are pink capsules that split to reveal seeds in red arils - birds eat these safely but they're not for human consumption. Indigenous peoples used the latex medicinally in small amounts.

Cornizuelo

Vachellia collinsii

The tree itself is not toxic, but the large, sharp thorns can cause puncture wounds and the resident ants deliver painful stings when disturbed. The thorns can be 3-10 cm (1-4 inches) long and very sharp. Not poisonous if consumed in small amounts, but not recommended for consumption.

Corozo

Elaeis oleifera

Elaeis oleifera is non-toxic. The fruit mesocarp (pulp) and palm heart are edible and have been consumed by indigenous communities for centuries. The oil extracted from the fruit is high quality, rich in oleic acid and carotenoids, and considered a superior cooking oil. The kernel oil is also edible. No toxic compounds have been identified in any part of the plant. Seeds and fruit are consumed by wildlife without adverse effects.

Cortez Blanco

Roseodendron donnell-smithii

Cortez Blanco is non-toxic. No parts of the tree—leaves, flowers, bark, or seeds—are harmful if ingested. The tree is safe for planting in areas frequented by children and pets. Some Bignoniaceae family members contain lapachol compounds, but Roseodendron donnell-smithii does not present toxicity concerns at levels encountered in normal contact.

Cortez Negro

Tabebuia impetiginosa

Non-toxic. All parts of the tree are safe. Tabebuia species (now Handroanthus) are generally non-toxic. Flowers, leaves, and bark do not contain dangerous compounds. Bark has been used medicinally (lapachol compound has antimicrobial properties). Safe tree overall.

Corteza Amarilla

Handroanthus ochraceus

Handroanthus ochraceus (Corteza Amarilla) is NON-TOXIC to humans, dogs, cats, and other pets. Not listed on any major toxic plant databases. All parts of the tree (leaves, bark, flowers, seed pods) are safe if touched or accidentally ingested. The tree is completely safe for planting in residential areas, parks, schools, and playgrounds where children and pets are present. No poisoning concerns.

Coyol

Acrocomia aculeata

The fruit is safe and edible - widely consumed fresh and as beverages. The palm heart is edible. No toxic parts. All safety concerns are physical (spines), not chemical.

Cristóbal

Platymiscium pinnatum

The living tree, leaves, flowers, and seeds are NON-TOXIC to humans and animals. Safe for planting in residential areas, parks, and gardens where children and pets are present. No ingestion toxicity concerns. The tree itself poses no poisoning hazard. As a nitrogen-fixing legume (Fabaceae family), it improves soil health safely.

Cristobalito

Platymiscium parviflorum

The living tree, leaves, flowers, and seeds are non-toxic to people and animals. No ingestion hazards are reported for fresh plant parts.

Espavel

Anacardium excelsum

Member of Anacardiaceae family (cashew, mango, poison ivy). Nuts must be roasted before consumption to destroy urushiol compounds and other irritants. Raw nuts can cause mouth irritation and gastrointestinal upset. When properly roasted, nuts are safe and nutritious. Not as dangerous as commercial cashew shells but should be treated with caution.

Rainbow Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus deglupta

Eucalyptus deglupta leaves contain low to moderate levels of eucalyptus oils (cineole and related terpenoids). Ingestion of large quantities of leaves could cause mild gastrointestinal upset in humans. The oils are not as concentrated as in temperate eucalyptus species. Overall human ingestion risk is low.

Flamboyán

Delonix regia

No known toxicity. The seeds are nutritious and have been researched as a potential food source. Bark and leaves have medicinal uses in traditional medicine.

Flor de Itabo

Yucca guatemalensis

The flowers and young flower buds of Yucca guatemalensis are edible and widely consumed in Central American cuisine after proper preparation (removal of pistil and stamens, boiling). However, the roots contain saponins that are toxic if consumed in significant quantities, causing digestive irritation, nausea, and vomiting. Raw flowers may also cause mild digestive upset in sensitive individuals. All Yucca species contain steroidal saponins — the risk is primarily from root ingestion. Cooked flowers are considered safe food.

Fruta de Pan

Artocarpus altilis

Breadfruit tree is essentially non-toxic. The RIPE fruit is safe, nutritious, and widely consumed (cooked like potato or baked like bread). However, UNRIPE fruit and raw fruit can cause throat irritation due to latex content. The fruit must be cooked before eating. The white latex/sap is mildly irritating if consumed. Indigenous Pacific Islanders and Caribbean peoples have safely consumed breadfruit for millennia when properly prepared (cooked).

Fruta Dorada

Virola koschnyi

MODERATE TOXICITY. Member of Myristicaceae (nutmeg family), which contains species with toxic and psychoactive compounds. Red sap contains compounds that can be irritating or toxic if ingested in quantity. While not as dangerous as some relatives (wild nutmegs can contain myristicin, a hallucinogenic compound), this species should be treated with caution. Fruits have golden arils that are eaten by wildlife but should not be consumed by humans without expert knowledge.

Gallinazo

Schizolobium parahyba

Non-toxic and safe. Member of Fabaceae (legume family), which includes many safe species. No toxic compounds of concern. Flowers and young shoots reportedly edible in some regions. Excellent fast-growing native tree.

Gavilán

Pentaclethra macroloba

Gavilán is essentially non-toxic, though the seeds are not typically consumed by humans (oily, not palatable). The seeds are used for oil extraction in some regions but require processing. No significant toxicity documented. As a legume (Fabaceae), it may contain minor amounts of lectins or tannins in raw seeds, but these pose no practical risk. The tree is used medicinally in traditional practices.

Granadillo

Dalbergia tucurensis

Guaba Bejuco

Inga vera

Guaba Bejuco is completely safe and non-toxic. The sweet cotton-like pulp surrounding the seeds is edible and enjoyed by children and adults. Like other Inga species, the seeds are hard and typically not consumed but pose no toxicity risk if accidentally swallowed.

Guaba Machete

Inga spectabilis

Guaba Machete is completely safe and non-toxic. The sweet cotton-like pulp surrounding the seeds is edible and enjoyed by people of all ages. Like other Inga species, the hard seeds are typically not consumed but pose no toxicity risk if accidentally swallowed.

Guaba

Inga edulis

Guaba is completely safe and non-toxic. The sweet cotton-like pulp surrounding the seeds is edible and widely consumed by children and adults throughout tropical America. Seeds themselves are typically not eaten (hard and unpalatable), but pose no toxicity risk if accidentally swallowed.

Guachipelín

Diphysa americana

Guachipelín is NON-TOXIC with NO documented reports of toxicity or danger to children, pets, or livestock. The bark contains tannins, alkaloids, and flavonoids that provide medicinal properties (anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant) but these do not pose poisoning risk in normal circumstances. Seeds, bark, and leaves are not described as poisonous or problematic for animals or people. The tree is SAFE for gardens, parks, farms, and areas where children and pets are present. Widely used for living fences throughout Costa Rica, demonstrating general safety in agricultural and landscape settings where livestock and people interact with it daily.

Guácimo Colorado

Luehea seemannii

No known toxicity. The bark has traditional medicinal uses as an astringent with no reported adverse effects at normal doses. All parts of the tree are considered safe.

Guácimo

Guazuma ulmifolia

Guácimo is completely safe and non-toxic. The warty fruits are edible - sweet and mucilaginous, though not commonly eaten by humans due to texture. Widely used as livestock fodder (cattle, horses love the fruits). Bark has been used medicinally for centuries to treat various ailments with no toxicity issues. The tree is in the Malvaceae family (hibiscus/cotton family) which is generally safe.

Guanábana Cimarrona

Annona montana

The SEEDS are HIGHLY TOXIC and must NEVER be consumed. Seeds contain high concentrations of annonacin and other acetogenins that are potently neurotoxic. Ingestion of seeds can cause severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and potentially serious neurological symptoms including tremors and altered consciousness. The FRUIT PULP is SAFE to eat when ALL seeds are completely removed—however, the pulp is very sour and fibrous, making it less palatable than cultivated guanábana. LEAVES contain the same neurotoxic compounds as seeds and should NOT be consumed except under expert guidance (traditional medicinal use of leaf tea has been associated with atypical Parkinsonism syndrome when consumed chronically). BARK and ROOTS also contain toxic alkaloids.

Guanábana

Annona muricata

The SEEDS of guanábana are TOXIC and should NEVER be consumed. Seeds contain annonacin and other acetogenins that are neurotoxic. Ingestion of seeds can cause nausea, vomiting, and neurological symptoms. The FRUIT PULP is SAFE and delicious when seeds are completely removed. The LEAVES are used in traditional medicine but contain the same neurotoxic compounds as seeds—excessive consumption of leaf tea has been linked to atypical Parkinsonism. Moderation is key with any herbal use. ROOTS also contain toxic compounds.

Guanacaste

Enterolobium cyclocarpum

The Guanacaste tree is generally safe for humans. Seeds inside the ear-shaped pods are sometimes roasted and consumed as food in Central America with no reported toxicity. However, the seeds are moderately toxic to dogs and cats and can cause symptoms requiring veterinary attention if ingested. Livestock (cattle, horses, goats) regularly consume the pods and foliage without issues and the sweet pods are a favored food source.

Guapinol

Hymenaea courbaril

Guapinol is non-toxic. The fruit pulp surrounding the seeds is edible and has been consumed for millennia - sweet, mealy, with a distinctive strong smell (hence 'Stinking Toe' name, referring to the pod shape and odor). While the smell is off-putting to some, the pulp is nutritious and safe. Children throughout tropical America eat guapinol. The hard seeds are not eaten (too hard to chew) but are non-toxic. The tree is in the legume family and fixes nitrogen - beneficial for soil.

Guarumbo Hembra

Cecropia peltata

No major toxicity is reported for incidental contact with leaves, bark, or fruits.

Guarumo

Cecropia obtusifolia

Guarumo is essentially non-toxic, though not typically consumed by humans. The small fig-like fruits are eaten by wildlife (sloths, birds, bats) with no ill effects. Indigenous peoples have used leaves medicinally for centuries (treating diabetes, hypertension, inflammation). No significant toxicity documented in humans or animals.

Guayaba Chilena

Acca sellowiana

Acca sellowiana is completely non-toxic. All parts of the plant that are commonly consumed — the fruit and the flower petals — are safe for ingestion. The fruit is eaten fresh, in jams, juices, and desserts worldwide. The fleshy flower petals have a sweet, aromatic flavor and are consumed as edible garnishes. Leaves are used in traditional herbal teas in South America without reported adverse effects. No toxic compounds have been identified in any part of the plant.

Guayabo

Psidium guajava

Guava tree is completely safe and non-toxic for humans. The fruit is highly nutritious and edible for all ages, including children. Rich in vitamin C and fiber, the fruit (including seeds) can be safely consumed fresh or processed. Guava leaves are used in traditional herbal teas and are safe in moderate amounts for digestive health. The entire tree (bark, branches, leaves, fruit) is non-toxic.

Guayacán Real

Guaiacum sanctum

The tree itself is safe. The resin and wood extracts have been used medicinally for centuries but can cause gastrointestinal irritation (diarrhea, stomach upset) or skin rashes in higher medicinal doses. Food-flavoring amounts are generally recognized as safe. Not toxic to touch or be around. The wood dust during woodworking is not particularly allergenic compared to other tropical hardwoods.

Wild Tobacco Tree

Acnistus arborescens

As a member of the Solanaceae, Acnistus contains alkaloids in leaves and roots, but at low concentrations. The ripe fruits are consumed by birds and are not known to be toxic to humans, though they are not typically eaten. Unripe berries should not be ingested. Overall toxicity risk is low.

Higuerón

Ficus insipida

The figs (fruit) are safe for wildlife and can be eaten by humans, though they are small and bland. The white latex (sap) from cut branches or damaged bark contains ficin enzyme and other compounds that can cause mild gastrointestinal upset if ingested in quantity. Not seriously toxic to humans or pets. Indigenous peoples used the latex medicinally.

Hoja Santa

Piper auritum

Hoja Santa is CULINARY SAFE and widely used in traditional Mexican and Central American cooking. The leaves are edible and have a distinctive anise/sassafras flavor. Used to wrap tamales, flavor moles, and make teas. However, the plant contains safrole, a compound that is mildly carcinogenic in very high doses (similar to sassafras). The FDA banned safrole as a food additive in the 1960s. That said, traditional culinary use of Hoja Santa leaves (occasional, moderate consumption) is generally considered safe. Heavy daily consumption over long periods should be avoided. The amounts used in traditional cooking pose minimal risk.

Panama Rubber Tree

Castilla elastica

The milky latex can cause mild gastrointestinal upset if ingested. The latex is not severely toxic but should not be consumed. Unripe fruits may cause stomach discomfort. Ripe fruits are edible but generally not palatable.

Icaco

Chrysobalanus icaco

Icaco is completely safe and non-toxic. The fruit is edible and delicious - eaten fresh, made into jams, jellies, and preserves throughout the Caribbean and tropical Americas. All varieties (white, pink, purple fruits) are safe to consume. The seed pit inside is hard and not eaten, but poses no toxicity risk if accidentally swallowed. Children safely eat the fruits throughout coastal regions.

Indio Desnudo

Bursera simaruba

Indio Desnudo (Gumbo-Limbo) is NON-TOXIC to humans and pets. There are NO reported cases of poisoning from ingestion of bark, leaves, fruit, or sap. The tree is SAFE for planting in residential areas, parks, schools, and playgrounds where children and pets are present. Birds and wildlife safely consume the fruits. The tree is widely planted in community spaces, schools, and family gardens throughout Central America with no toxicity concerns. Completely safe for children and pets to play near.

Ira Rosa

Brownea macrophylla

Ira Rosa is non-toxic and safe for humans and animals. Member of the legume family (Fabaceae). No toxic compounds reported in flowers, leaves, or seeds. Safe for ornamental use in all settings.

Jaboncillo

Sapindus saponaria

Fruits contain high concentrations of saponins (natural soap compounds) that are toxic if ingested. Saponins cause gastrointestinal irritation - symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Traditional use as fish poison demonstrates toxicity level - saponins disrupt fish gill function. Children may be attracted to the golden fruits. NOT for internal consumption. Seeds also contain toxic compounds. However, external use for washing is safe and traditional.

Jacaranda

Jacaranda mimosifolia

Jacaranda has low toxicity. The seeds and pods are mildly toxic if ingested in quantity - contain compounds that can cause stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. However, the seeds are not palatable and rarely consumed. The flowers and leaves are essentially non-toxic. There are scattered reports of mild toxicity from seed ingestion but no severe poisonings documented. The tree is widely planted in urban areas globally without significant safety concerns.

Javillo

Hura crepitans

All parts of the Javillo are highly toxic. The milky latex contains hurin and creptin (toxic proteins) that cause severe poisoning if ingested. Seeds resemble edible nuts but are EXTREMELY TOXIC—just 1-2 seeds can be fatal to children. Historical use as arrow poison and fish poison demonstrates extreme toxicity. Ingestion causes violent vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and can lead to death. Seeds contain potent toxins that affect the nervous system.

Jícaro

Crescentia alata

The FRUIT PULP of Jícaro has been used in traditional medicine but should be approached with caution. The pulp contains various compounds that can be toxic if consumed in large quantities. Traditional preparations (syrups, infusions) have been used for respiratory and digestive ailments, but dosage and preparation are important. The pulp is NOT recommended for consumption without traditional knowledge or expert guidance. Modern scientific study of safety is limited. The SHELL/GOURD itself is completely safe and non-toxic—it's an inert material once dried. Craft use is entirely safe.

Jobo

Spondias mombin

The fruit is safe and delicious when ripe - widely consumed fresh and in beverages. The seed has a large kernel and is generally not eaten. The sap and bark contain urushiol-related compounds (Anacardiaceae family) but in much lower concentrations than mango or cashew. No serious toxicity concerns. Safe for children and pets to eat ripe fruit.

Jocote

Spondias purpurea

Jocote fruits are SAFE and widely consumed. However, the tree is in Anacardiaceae (mango/cashew family) and contains urushiol in the sap and bark - the same compound found in poison ivy, mango, and cashew. The fruit itself does not contain urushiol. The skin and sap can cause mild dermatitis in sensitive individuals (similar to 'mango mouth'). For most people, eating the fruit causes no issues. The unripe fruit is sour but safe; ripe fruit is sweet and safe.

Laurel Negro

Cordia megalantha

Non-toxic. Member of Boraginaceae family. No toxic compounds of concern. Safe tree overall.

Laurel

Cordia alliodora

Laurel (Cordia alliodora) is non-toxic and safe around people and animals. No parts of this tree are known to be poisonous. It has been used safely in agroforestry systems, coffee plantations, and home landscapes for generations. The wood, bark, leaves, and flowers pose no ingestion hazards. This is one of the safest native trees for family properties.

Lechoso Montañero

Brosimum lactescens

Brosimum lactescens is completely safe and non-toxic. The white latex produced by the tree is edible, nutritious, and has been consumed by indigenous peoples and rural communities for centuries. Unlike many latex-producing species, this milk is sweet and palatable.

Lechoso

Brosimum utile

Non-toxic. Latex is edible and has been consumed traditionally ('cow tree' milk). Moraceae family member. Safe for human and animal consumption.

Lengua de Vaca

Miconia argentea

Miconia argentea is non-toxic. The small berries are consumed by birds and bats and are not harmful to humans, though they are not typically eaten due to their small size and bland taste. Leaves, bark, and wood contain no known toxic compounds. Some Melastomataceae species have traditional medicinal uses — the leaves of M. argentea are used in folk medicine for minor ailments. No poisoning incidents have been reported.

African Tulip Tree

Spathodea campanulata

African tulip tree has significant toxicity concerns. SEEDS AND FRUIT are POISONOUS if ingested - in native Africa, boiled seeds are used to create arrow poison for hunting. Children should be kept away from fallen seed pods. The flowers contain nectar that is TOXIC TO SOME BEES AND INSECTS, though hummingbirds can safely feed on it. DO NOT consume any part of this tree. The wood and bark have been used medicinally in Africa but should only be used under expert guidance.

Lorito

Oreopanax xalapensis

Lorito has LOW TOXICITY. Members of the Araliaceae family can contain compounds that may cause mild gastrointestinal upset if consumed in quantity. Leaves and berries should not be eaten. Not highly toxic, but caution advised. Indigenous peoples have used the plant medicinally in controlled doses, but consumption of plant parts is not recommended for the general public.

Madero Negro

Gliricidia sepium

Seeds and bark contain rotenone and coumarin compounds that are toxic to rodents (hence the name 'Mata Ratón' = rat killer). Seeds are moderately toxic to humans if consumed in quantity. Historically used as rodenticide—ground seeds were mixed with bait to poison rats and mice. NOT highly toxic to humans at normal exposure levels, but children should not eat seeds. Leaves are safe and nutritious for cattle, goats, and sheep but may cause toxicity in horses, pigs, and chickens.

Madroño

Calycophyllum candidissimum

No toxic parts. The tree is completely safe. No documented toxicity to humans or animals. The flowers are visited by bees for honey production. No ingestion hazards from any part of the tree.

Magnolia

Magnolia poasana

The living tree is safe. Magnolia bark from medicinal species (like M. officinalis) contains bioactive alkaloids and neolignans (magnolol, honokiol) with pharmacological effects. M. poasana bark composition is not fully documented but should be assumed to contain similar compounds. Do not consume bark or make medicinal preparations without expert guidance. Flowers, leaves, and wood are non-toxic for normal contact.

Mamón Chino

Nephelium lappaceum

The fruit flesh is completely safe and widely consumed worldwide. However, the SEEDS should not be eaten raw. Raw rambutan seeds contain saponins, tannins, and other compounds that can cause gastrointestinal upset. Some studies suggest seeds may have hypoglycemic effects (lower blood sugar). In Southeast Asian traditional medicine, roasted seeds are sometimes used, but this is not recommended without expert guidance. The fruit flesh itself is nutritious and safe for all ages.

Mamón

Melicoccus bijugatus

Mamón is completely safe and non-toxic. The fruit is widely consumed by people of all ages throughout the Caribbean and Latin America. The translucent salmon-pink flesh around the seed is edible - sweet-tart flavor. The seed itself is very large and hard (choking hazard for very young children) but non-toxic. Some people roast and eat the seeds. The thin green shell is not eaten but is non-toxic. Children throughout Costa Rica safely crack open and eat mamones as street snacks.

Manchineel

Hippomane mancinella

WORLD'S MOST DANGEROUS TREE. All parts contain extremely toxic phorbol esters. The fruit resembles small green apples ('manzanilla de la muerte' = little apple of death) but causes immediate burning, blistering of mouth and throat, severe vomiting, diarrhea, and can be FATAL if swallowed. Even a small bite causes excruciating pain. Contains hippomane A and B - potent toxins that cause severe gastrointestinal damage and can lead to death. Historical records document numerous fatal poisonings from eating the fruit. Indigenous Caribs used crushed fruit as poison on arrow tips.

White Mangrove

Laguncularia racemosa

White mangrove bark contains moderate concentrations of tannins which give it astringent properties. The tannins are not highly toxic but can cause mild stomach upset if bark is consumed in large quantities. Leaves and fruits are not toxic. Not a concern for casual contact with the tree.

Buttonwood Mangrove

Conocarpus erectus

Buttonwood bark contains moderate concentrations of tannins used historically for leather tanning. Tannins are not highly toxic but can cause mild stomach upset if bark is consumed in large quantities. Leaves and fruits are not toxic. Not a concern for casual contact with the tree.

Black Mangrove

Avicennia germinans

Black mangrove leaves excrete salt and can have visible salt crystals on surfaces. The leaves themselves are not highly toxic, but high salt content makes them unpalatable and potentially irritating if consumed in quantity. Seeds contain compounds that may cause mild gastrointestinal upset if ingested. Not considered dangerously toxic, but not for consumption.

Tea Mangrove

Pelliciera rhizophorae

Tea mangrove leaves contain tannins and related compounds that give them astringent properties. The common name comes from historical use of leaves as tea substitute. Not toxic to humans - leaves have been used for centuries in traditional preparations. Tannin content may cause mild stomach upset if consumed in very large quantities.

Red Mangrove

Rhizophora mangle

Red mangrove bark contains high concentrations of tannins which give it astringent properties. The tannins are not highly toxic but can cause stomach upset if bark is consumed in large quantities. Not a concern for casual contact.

Mango

Mangifera indica

The fruit is safe to eat and highly nutritious. However, leaves and unripe fruit contain urushiol-like compounds similar to poison ivy (same family Anacardiaceae). The sap can cause mild gastrointestinal upset if ingested in quantity. Dogs and cats should not eat mango leaves as they can cause digestive issues. The ripe fruit flesh is safe for humans.

Manú

Minquartia guianensis

No toxic parts. The tree is completely safe. Animal studies of leaf extracts showed no acute toxicity. The bark exudes white latex when cut but this is not hazardous. No documented toxicity to humans or animals.

Manzana de Agua

Syzygium malaccense

No toxic parts. The fruit is completely safe and edible, widely consumed fresh, in salads, jams, and desserts throughout tropical regions. The crisp, mildly sweet fruit has a rose-like aroma. Nutritious, containing Vitamin C, antioxidants, and minerals. Seeds should be discarded (as with most fruit) but normal fruit consumption is entirely safe for humans and pets.

Marañón

Anacardium occidentale

RAW CASHEW NUTS ARE TOXIC. Never eat unprocessed cashews. The nut shell contains urushiol and anacardic acid - the same toxins in poison ivy. Raw nuts cause severe oral burns, blistering, gastrointestinal distress, and can be fatal. Commercial cashews are always roasted or heat-processed to destroy toxins. The cashew apple (false fruit) is safe to eat. Seeds can cause digestive upset in pets. Never attempt to process raw cashew nuts at home - this requires industrial safety equipment.

Mastate

Brosimum utile

Mastate is non-toxic and safe. The latex is edible and nutritious, traditionally consumed as a milk substitute. The fruits are edible when cooked. Both latex and fruit have been consumed safely by indigenous peoples for centuries.

Matapalo

Ficus spp.

Low toxicity. Ficus species produce milky latex which contains ficin (proteolytic enzyme) and other compounds. Latex can cause mild digestive upset if ingested but is not dangerously toxic. Figs (fruits) are generally edible and are an important wildlife food, though some species' figs may cause mild stomach upset in humans if eaten in quantity. Overall not a major toxicity concern.

Mayo

Vochysia hondurensis

Vochysia hondurensis has no documented toxicity to humans or animals. The tree is considered completely safe, with no known hazardous compounds in any part of the plant.

Gmelina

Gmelina arborea

Gmelina (Melina) is non-toxic and safe around humans and animals. No parts of this tree are poisonous. It has been widely planted in tropical regions worldwide for decades without toxicity issues. Safe for use in landscapes, plantations, and reforestation projects. Animals can graze near these trees without risk.

Mora

Maclura tinctoria

Low toxicity. Member of Moraceae family (mulberry/fig), which often have milky latex. Fruits are technically edible but not palatable—small and dry. Sap may contain mild irritants. Tree is not considered dangerously toxic. However, some Moraceae species can cause reactions in latex-sensitive individuals.

Muñeco

Cordia collococca

No toxic parts. The tree is completely safe. The red fruits are edible (though slightly astringent) and consumed by wildlife (birds, monkeys, bats, iguanas) and occasionally by humans. No known hazards to humans or animals. Used in traditional medicine and as a food source, indicating safety.

Nance

Byrsonima crassifolia

Nance fruit is completely safe and nutritious. No toxic parts. The fruit has been safely consumed for thousands of years throughout its range. Safe for children and pets. The fruit is rich in vitamin C and other nutrients. No toxicity concerns whatsoever.

Nazareno

Peltogyne purpurea

Non-toxic. Member of Fabaceae (legume family). No toxic compounds. Bark and wood contain purple pigments but these are not toxic. Safe tree overall.

Neem

Azadirachta indica

Neem has useful medicinal compounds but should be treated with caution. Concentrated neem seed oil and seed extracts are not safe for children, pregnant people, or pets when ingested in significant quantities. Bitter compounds (including azadirachtin and related limonoids) can cause nausea, vomiting, and neurological symptoms in overdose situations. Raw seeds and highly concentrated homemade extracts should never be consumed.

Níspero

Manilkara zapota

Low toxicity. Ripe fruit flesh is completely safe and delicious to eat. However, SEEDS contain saponins and should not be eaten—they can cause digestive upset if chewed and swallowed. Unripe fruit contains more tannins and latex, making it unpalatable and potentially causing mouth irritation. Always wait until fruit is fully ripe and soft. The chicle latex is non-toxic and was traditionally chewed as natural chewing gum.

Ojoche

Brosimum alicastrum

Completely safe and non-toxic. Seeds are edible and nutritious—historically a staple food for Maya civilization. Leaves and other parts also non-toxic. One of the safest trees in Costa Rican forests.

Olla de Mono

Lecythis ampla

CAUTION WITH SEEDS. The seeds (sapucaia nuts/paradise nuts) are edible and nutritious (high oil and protein), similar to Brazil nuts. HOWEVER, some Lecythis species are selenium accumulators—if grown on selenium-rich soils, the seeds can contain dangerously high selenium levels causing severe poisoning (hair loss, nausea, vomiting, neurological problems). Seeds from non-seleniferous soils are safe, but it's difficult for consumers to know the source. ONLY consume seeds from trusted sources and in limited quantities. The tree itself, bark, leaves, and flowers are non-toxic.

Orey

Campnosperma panamense

Orey (Campnosperma panamense) is in the Anacardiaceae family, which includes cashew, mango, and poison ivy. However, Orey appears to have low toxicity levels. No significant ingestion hazards documented, though as with other Anacardiaceae, caution is warranted. Not considered a dangerous tree, but family relationship suggests mild caution. Generally safe in landscapes.

Palma Cacho de Venado

Oenocarpus bataua

Oenocarpus bataua is completely non-toxic. The fruits are widely consumed by humans and wildlife — the mesocarp is rich in high-quality edible oil comparable to olive oil. The palm heart is edible and nutritious but harvesting kills the palm (single-stemmed). Seeds, leaves, roots, and trunk are chemically inert. No toxic compounds have been identified in any part of this palm.

Palma de Escoba

Cryosophila albida

Cryosophila albida is non-toxic. The small, round fruits are not typically consumed by humans but are non-toxic and eaten by birds and small mammals. The palm heart is technically edible but harvesting kills the single-stemmed palm, and the species is conservation-sensitive. No toxic compounds have been identified in any part of the plant.

Palma Suita

Geonoma congesta

Geonoma congesta is completely non-toxic. The small, round, black or dark purple fruits are edible though not typically consumed by humans — they are bland and thin-fleshed. All parts of the plant (leaves, trunk, roots) are chemically inert and safe. No toxic compounds have been identified. The palm heart is technically edible but tiny and not worth harvesting.

Palma Yolillo

Raphia taedigera

Raphia taedigera is non-toxic. The mesocarp (flesh) of the fruit is edible, rich in oils, and consumed by wildlife. The palm heart is also edible when harvested. The sap is non-irritating. No toxic compounds have been identified in any part of the plant. However, the fruits' hard, scaly exterior is inedible. The oily fruit pulp can cause mild digestive upset if consumed in large quantities.

Palmera Real

Roystonea regia

The palm itself is non-toxic. The fruits are eaten by birds and used as livestock feed, but are not consumed by humans. No systemic toxicity from ingestion. The main concern is calcium oxalate crystals in the fruit pulp which cause skin irritation, not internal poisoning.

Panamá

Sterculia apetala

The tree itself is non-toxic. The seeds are edible (raw or cooked) and traded locally as food, similar to other Sterculia species. The main hazard is mechanical irritation from fruit capsule hairs, not chemical toxicity. No systemic poisoning from any part of the tree.

Papaturro

Coccoloba caracasana

Non-toxic and safe. Fruits are edible, similar to its close relative the sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera). Grape-like fruits can be eaten raw or made into jelly, though they are somewhat tart and astringent. Member of Polygonaceae (buckwheat family), which is generally safe. No toxic compounds of concern.

Papaya

Carica papaya

Ripe papaya fruit is safe and highly nutritious. However, the white latex from unripe fruit, stems, and leaves contains papain enzyme and other compounds that can cause digestive upset in large quantities. Unripe green papaya should be cooked before eating. The seeds contain small amounts of carpaine alkaloid - safe in normal amounts but not recommended in large quantities. Pregnant women should avoid unripe papaya and latex as they may stimulate contractions. Pets should not eat papaya seeds or leaves.

Papayillo

Vasconcellea cauliflora

Like all members of the Caricaceae family, Vasconcellea cauliflora contains papain-like proteolytic enzymes (cysteine proteases) in its latex and unripe fruit. The unripe green fruit contains concentrated latex that can cause mouth and throat irritation, nausea, and digestive discomfort if consumed. As the fruit ripens, enzyme concentrations decline significantly and the ripe fruit becomes edible, though less flavorful than commercial papaya. The seeds contain benzyl isothiocyanate (also present in papaya seeds) which has mild toxicity. The milky white latex that exudes from cuts to the bark, leaves, or unripe fruit is an irritant. Overall toxicity is low — comparable to that of unripe papaya.

Monkey Comb Tree

Apeiba tibourbou

No known toxic compounds in any part of the tree. The inner bark yields mucilaginous fiber traditionally used for rope and handled without toxicity concerns. Leaves, bark, and fruit are not known to contain harmful substances. Considered non-toxic.

Pejibaye

Bactris gasipaes

The fruit is safe and nutritious when cooked. Heart of palm is safe to eat. No toxic parts - all safety concerns are physical (spines), not chemical.

Pilón

Hyeronima alchorneoides

Pilón (Hyeronima alchorneoides) is non-toxic and safe. No parts of this tree are known to be poisonous to humans or animals. The Phyllanthaceae family includes some species with medicinal properties, but Pilón does not have significant toxic compounds. Safe for use in landscapes, reforestation, and timber production.

Caribbean Pine

Pinus caribaea

Caribbean Pine is non-toxic. No parts of the tree pose ingestion risks to humans or animals. Pine resin may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort if consumed in large quantities, but this is not a realistic exposure scenario. The tree is safe for parks, schools, and residential areas.

Pitahaya

Hylocereus costaricensis

Non-toxic and completely safe. Fruit (dragon fruit) is edible and highly nutritious. Member of Cactaceae (cactus family). Unlike some cacti with toxic alkaloids, pitahaya is safe for consumption. Flowers are also edible. No toxic compounds.

Pochote

Pachira quinata

No toxic parts. The seeds are edible (eaten roasted). The flowers are sometimes eaten. Completely safe from a toxicity standpoint.

Pomarrosa

Syzygium jambos

Non-toxic and safe. Fruits are edible and delicious—rose apple is a popular tropical fruit. Member of Myrtaceae (myrtle/guava family), which includes many edible fruit species. All parts of tree are safe. No toxic compounds of concern.

Poró

Erythrina poeppigiana

SEVERE TOXICITY. Seeds contain potent alkaloids (erysodine, erysopine, erysovine) causing CURARE-LIKE PARALYSIS. Historically used as fish/insect poison. FATAL if ingested by children or pets. Leaves, bark, roots also contain alkaloids. Seeds brightly colored—attractive hazard.

Quebracho

Lysiloma divaricatum

Quebracho is non-toxic and safe for humans and animals. The tree has been used traditionally in food preparation, with seeds roasted and ground for beverages. No toxicity concerns have been documented.

Quina

Cinchona pubescens

The bark contains quinine and related alkaloids. Small medicinal doses were historically used to treat malaria, but larger amounts can be toxic. Avoid ingesting bark, powders, or concentrated extracts.

Quizarrá

Nectandra salicina

Nectandra salicina has no documented toxicity. The tree is considered safe, though as with all wild plants, caution should be exercised and plant parts should not be consumed without proper identification and knowledge.

Rambutan

Nephelium lappaceum

The fruit flesh (aril) is safe and delicious to eat. However, the fruit wall (rind) contains a toxic saponin and should not be consumed. Seeds are mildly toxic with narcotic properties and should not be eaten raw—roasting reduces toxicity but consumption is not recommended.

Roble de Sabana

Tabebuia rosea

Tabebuia rosea contains alkaloids in bark and flowers that can be MILDLY TOXIC if ingested. CHILDREN: May experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhea if they chew or swallow bark or flowers. Symptoms are typically mild but can include digestive upset and potentially allergic reactions. The attractive pink blooms can tempt curious children. PETS (Dogs & Cats): Can experience digestive upset from eating bark or flowers. Some sources report mild symptoms while others note potential for more serious reactions including respiratory distress in rare cases. Individual animal sensitivity varies. Contact veterinarian if pet shows illness after exposure. TRADITIONAL MEDICINE: The bark is used traditionally to treat intestinal parasites, malaria, fever, and inflammation, indicating it contains bioactive compounds that should be respected. However, casual ingestion is not recommended.

Roble Encino (Highland Oak)

Quercus spp.

Low toxicity. Acorns contain tannins which can be mildly toxic if eaten raw in large quantities, causing stomach upset, nausea, and constipation. However, tannins can be leached out by soaking, making acorns edible—they have been used as food by indigenous peoples worldwide. Leaves also contain tannins but are rarely eaten. Not dangerously toxic to humans but not palatable raw.

Ron Ron

Astronium graveolens

Ron Ron (Goncalo Alves) is NON-TOXIC. The living tree, bark, leaves, and fruit pose no toxicity hazard to humans or animals. Safe for planting in residential areas, parks, and gardens where children and pets are present. Despite being in the Anacardiaceae family (which includes poison ivy), Astronium graveolens does NOT produce the toxic urushiol oils found in poison ivy/oak relatives. No documented poisoning from ingestion or contact. Birds and wildlife consume the fruits safely. The tree is completely safe for children and pets.

Sangrillo

Pterocarpus officinalis

Sangrillo (Pterocarpus officinalis) is in the Fabaceae (legume) family and is generally safe. The dramatic blood-red sap that gives the tree its name is not toxic when contacted or ingested in small amounts. The tree has been used traditionally in medicine, suggesting low toxicity. Some Pterocarpus species worldwide have been used medicinally without significant toxicity concerns. Overall, a safe tree.

Sardinillo

Tecoma stans

Tecoma stans contains alkaloids (tecomanine and tecostanine) primarily in the leaves, bark, and roots. These compounds have been studied for their hypoglycemic (blood-sugar-lowering) effects and are used in traditional medicine. In normal contact or accidental minor ingestion, the risk is very low. Large quantities of leaves would need to be consumed to produce adverse effects. The plant is not considered dangerous in typical landscape use.

Sigua

Nectandra cissiflora

Nectandra cissiflora has no documented toxicity to humans or animals. The tree is considered safe, though as with all wild plants, caution should be exercised and plant parts should not be consumed without proper identification and knowledge.

Sotacaballo

Zygia longifolia

No toxic parts. The tree is completely safe. The pulp around seeds is described as edible. Used in traditional medicine (anti-dandruff soaps, beverages), indicating general safety. No documented toxicity to humans or livestock. A safe member of the Fabaceae (legume) family.

Surá

Terminalia oblonga

Surá is non-toxic. The tree poses no ingestion hazards to humans or animals. Fruits are eaten by wildlife safely. No toxic compounds documented in leaves, bark, or wood.

Tamarindo Dulce

Tamarindus indica

Tamarindus indica is non-toxic. The fruit pulp is widely consumed worldwide as a food ingredient, beverage base, and confection. The young leaves and flowers are also edible and used in Southeast Asian and West African cuisines. Seeds are edible when roasted or boiled and are processed commercially for tamarind seed gum and powder. No toxic compounds have been identified in the fruit, leaves, or seeds at normal consumption levels. The bark and root extracts have been used traditionally in medicine. While the fruit is acidic (tartaric acid), this is a culinary characteristic, not a toxicity concern.

Tamarindo

Tamarindus indica

Tamarind fruit is safe and highly nutritious. The pulp is commonly consumed worldwide. Seeds are edible when cooked. No toxic parts. Safe for children and pets in normal quantities. Tamarind is a common food ingredient with a long history of safe consumption. The fruit is naturally high in tartaric acid which gives it the sour taste - this is not harmful and is actually beneficial.

Targuá

Croton draco

The tree itself is safe for normal contact. The red latex sap (sangre de drago/dragon's blood) is a well-studied medicinal substance with a strong safety profile. Topical use is generally safe. Oral use in moderate amounts shows low toxicity in clinical studies. Side effects are rare and mild (mainly GI upset: abdominal pain, flatulence). The sap contains bioactive alkaloids and proanthocyanidins. Not for consumption without knowledge, but medicinal use is considered safe when used appropriately.

Teak

Tectona grandis

The living tree is non-toxic. All parts including leaves, flowers, and seeds are safe if ingested in normal amounts. However, teak is well-known for causing significant occupational health issues in woodworkers.

Tempisque

Sideroxylon capiri

Non-toxic tree. Fruits are edible and sweet, eaten by humans and wildlife. Leaves and other parts are also non-toxic. Sapotaceae family fruits are generally safe and many are edible (sapodilla, mamey, etc.).

Tirrá

Ulmus mexicana

Ulmus mexicana is completely non-toxic. No part of the tree — bark, leaves, wood, seeds, or sap — contains harmful compounds. The inner bark is sometimes used in traditional medicine as a mild tea. The winged seeds (samaras) are not edible but not toxic. This is consistent with the Ulmaceae family, which has no significantly toxic members.

Yellow Oleander

Thevetia peruviana

ALL PARTS EXTREMELY TOXIC. Contains cardiac glycosides (thevetin, peruvoside, neriifolin) similar to digitalis that affect heart function. Seeds are the most dangerous—they resemble almonds or 'lucky nuts' and are a common cause of fatal poisonings worldwide, particularly in children. Just 1-2 seeds can kill a child; 8-10 seeds can kill an adult. Causes severe cardiac arrhythmias (irregular heartbeat), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and death from cardiac arrest. Also contains cerberin, a highly toxic compound. Leaves, flowers, and sap are also poisonous. This is one of the most common causes of plant poisoning deaths in tropical regions. Often mistaken for edible nuts.

Yos

Sapium glandulosum

Yos is in Euphorbiaceae (spurge family) and contains TOXIC LATEX. The milky white sap is irritating and mildly toxic if ingested - causes burning sensation in mouth, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Indigenous peoples historically used the latex as fish poison, indicating toxicity to aquatic life and general toxicity. All parts contain some level of toxic compounds. While not as dangerous as some Euphorbiaceae members, the tree should not be planted where children or pets might contact broken branches or leaves. The latex flows freely when any part is damaged.

Zapatero

Hieronyma oblonga

Zapatero (Hieronyma oblonga) is in the Phyllanthaceae family and is generally safe. The distinctive red inner bark contains tannins and red pigments but is not significantly toxic. The tree has been used traditionally for dyes, indicating the compounds are not dangerous when handled. No significant ingestion hazards documented. Overall, a safe timber tree.

Zapote

Pouteria sapota

Non-toxic and safe. Fruit is edible and delicious, widely consumed throughout Central America. Ripe fruit flesh is completely safe to eat. Seeds should not be eaten but are not dangerously toxic. Sapotaceae family fruits are generally safe.

Zorrillo

Senna reticulata

Senna species can contain anthraquinone compounds that may cause gastrointestinal upset if leaves or seeds are ingested in quantity. The standing tree is generally low risk in landscape settings.