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AnacardiaceaeNE

Mango

Mangifera indica

14 min read
Also available in:Español
Mango

Native Region

South Asia

Max Height

15-30 meters

Family

Anacardiaceae

Conservation

NE

Uses

Fruit production (fresh, processed)Shade treeWildlife food sourceWood for constructionTraditional medicineCultural and religious significance

Season

Flowering

Jan-Feb, Dec

Fruiting

Mar-Jun

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
FlowersFruits

🛡️Safety Information

Toxicity Level
🔵Low
Toxic Parts:
Sap/LatexLeaves
Skin Contact Risk
🟡Moderate
Allergen Risk
🟡Moderate
✅
Child Safe
Yes
⚠️
Pet Safe
No

Toxicity Details

The fruit is safe to eat and highly nutritious. However, leaves and unripe fruit contain urushiol-like compounds similar to poison ivy (same family Anacardiaceae). The sap can cause mild gastrointestinal upset if ingested in quantity. Dogs and cats should not eat mango leaves as they can cause digestive issues. The ripe fruit flesh is safe for humans.

Skin Contact Risks

Mango sap contains urushiol-like compounds that can cause contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals - the same irritant found in poison ivy. This typically manifests as 'mango mouth' - redness, itching, or small blisters around the lips and mouth after eating unpeeled mango. Reactions vary widely: some people never experience it, while others develop sensitivity over time. The peel contains higher concentrations than the flesh. Hand-to-mouth contact after handling sap or peel is the most common route. Reactions are typically mild to moderate and resolve in a few days.

Allergenic Properties

People with poison ivy/poison oak sensitivity may be at higher risk for mango dermatitis. The allergen is primarily in the peel and sap, not the flesh. Some individuals develop oral allergy syndrome. Wood dust from mango lumber can cause respiratory irritation in woodworkers.

Mango (King of Fruits)

✅The King of Tropical Fruits

The Mango (Mangifera indica) is undoubtedly the King of Fruits— cultivated for over 4,000 years and beloved by billions worldwide. Though native to South Asia, this magnificent tree has become completely naturalized in Costa Rica, where it lines roads, fills backyards, and dominates fruit markets during its glorious season. From the first green mangoes of the season eaten with salt and chili to the perfectly ripe, honey-sweet fruits of peak harvest, the Mango is woven into the fabric of tropical life. No tree better symbolizes the abundance and generosity of the tropics.

Quick Reference

🌿

iNaturalist Observations

Community-powered species data

290+

Observations

186

Observers

View Species Page ↗Browse Photos ↗🇨🇷 Costa Rica Only ↗

📸 Photo Gallery

Photos sourced from iNaturalist community science database. View all observations →↗


Taxonomy and Classification

Plantae
Angiosperms
Eudicots
Sapindales
Anacardiaceae
Mangifera
M. indica
ℹ️Name Origins
  • Mangifera: From Portuguese "manga" + Latin "ferre" (to bear) - indica: From India, the native region - Mango: From Portuguese, via Malay "mangga" - The word entered English in the 1580s

Common Names


Physical Description

Overall Form

The Mango is a large, long-lived evergreen tree with a dense, rounded crown. Mature trees are impressive—broad-canopied, heavily branched, and often dominant in the landscape. The tree can live for over 100 years, with some specimens producing fruit for centuries. Young growth is often bronze or reddish, creating seasonal color contrasts.

Mature Height/100
Crown Spread/100
Trunk Diameter/100
Potential Lifespan/100

Distinctive Features

Leaves

  • Type: Simple, lanceolate
  • Size: 15-35 cm long
  • Color: Dark green (bronze when young)
  • Texture: Leathery, glossy
  • Arrangement: Alternate, clustered
  • Evergreen: Yes, but periodic leaf drop

Bark

  • Color: Gray to dark brown
  • Texture: Rough, fissured
  • Pattern: Scaly with age
  • Feature: Exudes resin when damaged

The Glorious Fruit

  • Shape: Oval to kidney-shaped
  • Size: 5-25 cm (varies by variety)
  • Skin: Green, yellow, red, or orange
  • Flesh: Yellow to orange, fibrous to smooth
  • Stone: Large, flat, fibrous
  • Season: Mainly March-July in Costa Rica
  • Yield: 100-400+ fruits per tree

Flowers

  • Type: Small, numerous in panicles
  • Color: Pinkish-white to yellowish
  • Size: Panicle 15-30 cm long
  • Number: 500-6,000 flowers per panicle!
  • Fragrance: Sweet, sometimes strong
💡The Perfect Mango

Choosing and eating a perfect mango: Signs of Ripeness: - Gives slightly to gentle pressure - Sweet aroma at stem end - Color change (varies by variety) - Some varieties never change color much Eating Methods: - The "hedgehog" cut (cross-hatch and invert) - Peeled and sliced - Eating straight off the seed (messy but fun!) - Blended into smoothies The Debate: Should mangoes be refrigerated? Some say yes (for firmness), purists say never (dulls flavor). Try both!


History and Spread

From India to the World

🌏

4,000 Years of Cultivation

Mango has one of the longest cultivation histories: Ancient Origins: - Domesticated in South Asia ~4,000 years ago - Sacred in Hindu and Buddhist traditions - Featured in ancient Indian literature - First fruit trees to be cultivated Colonial Spread: - Portuguese brought to Africa (1500s) - Spread to Brazil (1700s) - Reached Caribbean and Central America (1700s-1800s)

  • Arrived in Costa Rica in colonial period Modern Era: - Now grown in 100+ countries - India produces 50% of world's mangoes - Second most traded tropical fruit - Over 1,000 named varieties worldwide

Arrival in Costa Rica

ℹ️Mangoes in Costa Rica

Though not native, mangoes are completely integrated into Costa Rican life: - Introduced during Spanish colonial period - Now found in nearly every town and farm - Many naturalized seedling trees - Important commercial production - Essential part of seasonal rhythms "Mango season" (temporada de mango) is a real event—when trees are laden with fruit, people collect them, share them, and celebrate the abundance!


Distribution and Habitat

Cultivation Range

🗺️

Geographic Distribution

Distribution in Costa Rica

Growing Conditions


    Ecological Importance

    Wildlife Value

    Fruit Consumers

    • Monkeys: Major consumers (spider, howler, capuchin)
    • Bats: Fruit bats love ripe mangoes
    • Parrots and Parakeets: Important food
    • Tanagers and Orioles: Eat ripe fruit
    • Squirrels: Regular visitors
    • Coatis: Ground-fallen fruit
    • Insects: Many attracted to fruit

    Tree Services

    • Shade Provider: Major canopy
    • Nesting Sites: Large branches, cavities
    • Epiphyte Host: Supports orchids, ferns
    • Pollinator Support: Flowers feed many insects
    • Wind Break: Dense canopy
    ✅Essential for Wildlife

    In Costa Rica, mango trees are critical wildlife resources: During Mango Season: - Monkeys move from tree to tree - Parrot flocks gather in fruiting trees - Bats patrol nightly for ripe fruit - Even jaguars and pumas eat fallen mangoes! Year-Round: - Shade for cattle and wildlife - Nesting habitat for countless birds - Roosting sites for bats A single large mango tree supports incredible biodiversity!


    Costa Rican Varieties

    Common Varieties in Costa Rica

    💡Local Favorites

    Costa Ricans often prefer the traditional "manga criolla": - Seedling trees with variable fruit - Often more fibrous but intensely flavored - Nostalgic connection to childhood - Trees often very old and productive Commercial varieties may look better but many locals prefer the taste of the traditional types!


    Uses and Products

    The Fruit

    🥭

    Endless Ways to Enjoy

    Mango fruit is incredibly versatile: Fresh: - Ripe mangoes eaten fresh - Green mangoes with salt, chili, lime - Cut into chunks or slices - Straight from the seed! Processed: - Juices and nectars - Dried mango (popular snack) - Frozen chunks and puree - Pickles and chutneys - Mango ice cream and sorbet Culinary: - Salads (green mango salads) - Salsas and sauces - Smoothies and batidos - Desserts and pastries - Added to ceviches Commercial Products: - Baby food - Fruit leather - Candies - Flavorings

    Other Uses

      Nutritional Value


      Cultivation

      Growing Mangoes


      Cautions

      Mango and Allergies

      ⚠️Mango Sensitivity

      Important to know about mango: Related to Poison Ivy: Mango belongs to Anacardiaceae—same family as poison ivy! The sap contains urushiol-like compounds. Contact Dermatitis: - Sap can cause skin irritation - Worse around mouth ("mango mouth") - Affects some people, not all - Usually from unpeeled fruit Prevention: - Have someone else peel mangoes - Don't let skin touch mouth area - Wash hands after handling - Sensitivity often develops over time If you've never had a reaction, you're probably fine—but be aware!


      Identification Guide

      How to Identify Mango Trees


      Where to See Mango in Costa Rica

      💡Mango Season

      Plan your visit to Costa Rica for mango season: - Peak Season: April-June

      • Early Varieties: February-March - Late Varieties: July-August During peak season: - Prices are lowest - Selection is best - Roadside vendors everywhere - Trees literally dripping with fruit It's impossible to visit Costa Rica in mango season and not eat your fill of this incredible fruit!

      External Resources

      🔗
      iNaturalist: Mangifera indica↗

      Community observations and photos

      🔗
      FAO Mango Resources↗

      Agricultural information

      🔗
      National Mango Board↗

      Variety information and recipes


      References

      📚 Scientific References & Further Reading

      Morton, J.F. (1987). Mango in Fruits of Warm Climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami

      Bally, I.S.E. (2006). Mangifera indica (mango). Traditional Trees of Pacific Islands

      Mukherjee, S.K. (1972). Origin of Mango (Mangifera indica). Economic Botany 26(3):260-264


      ✅The King Holds Court

      There's a reason the mango is called the King of Fruits. No other tree so perfectly embodies tropical abundance—those dense, spreading crowns providing shade from the fierce sun, the explosion of fragrant flowers that fill the air in dry season, and then the glorious harvest of fruits in every shade from green to gold to red. Whether you're eating a perfectly ripe mango over the kitchen sink (the only civilized way to handle the juicy mess), or buying a bag of green mangoes to eat with salt and chili, you're participating in a 4,000-year tradition of human appreciation for this magnificent fruit. In Costa Rica, where mangoes have become as integral to the landscape as any native tree, the mango season is a time of abundance, sharing, and simple joy. Long live the King!

      Safety Information Disclaimer

      Safety information is provided for educational purposes only. Individual reactions may vary significantly based on age, health status, amount of exposure, and individual sensitivity. Always supervise children around plants. Consult a medical professional or certified arborist for specific concerns. The Costa Rica Tree Atlas is not liable for injuries or damages resulting from interaction with trees described in this guide.

      • Always supervise children around plants

      • Consult medical professional if unsure

      • Seek immediate medical attention if poisoning occurs

      Information compiled from authoritative toxicology sources, scientific literature, and medical case reports.

      Comparison Guides

      Compare with Espavel

      Mango is a cultivated fruit tree with single large fruits and dense crown; Espavel is a towering rainforest giant with massive buttress roots and cashew-like fruits.

      Read guide

      Compare with Marañón

      Mango has a single large mango fruit hanging from stem; Marañón has a cashew 'apple' with kidney-shaped nut attached at bottom.

      Read guide

      Related Trees

      Marañón
      Same family

      Marañón

      Anacardium occidentale

      Espavel
      Same family

      Espavel

      Anacardium excelsum

      Jobo
      Same family

      Jobo

      Spondias mombin

      Jocote
      Same family

      Jocote

      Spondias purpurea

      Distribution in Costa Rica

      GuanacasteAlajuelaHerediaSan JoséCartagoLimónPuntarenasNicaraguaPanamaPacific OceanCaribbean Sea

      Legend

      Present
      Not recorded

      Elevation

      0-1500m

      Regions

      • Guanacaste
      • Puntarenas
      • Limón
      • San José
      • Alajuela
      • Heredia
      • Cartago